The Negotiation Process

It is probably no coincidence that the Spanish word for "business" - in the sense of commerce - is negocios. It highlights the importance of the negotiating process when it comes to doing business in a way that results in trust and respect for your company. The negotiation process is not difficult, but requires a certain amount of skill and training.

Negotiations, whether between individuals, businesses or even nation-states are really nothing more than a process in which concerned parties come to an agreement that serves everyone's best interests. Instead of one dominating or imposing power over the other, the parties attempt to reach a consensus in which everyone is satisfied. Business negotiation skills are valuable tools in this process.

Business negotiations are used not only by management and sales representatives, but by virtually everyone involved in the day-to-day operation of the company. Negotiations are a better way to motivate others rather than using pressure and domination strategies that may work in the short term, but ultimately causes distrust and resentment - and ultimately, profits.

The Negotiation Process

Beginning the Negotiations

The negotiation process begins with an analysis of the needs, desires and interests of all parties concerned, as well as any outside issues - such as culture, background and experience - that can come into play. This information will form the basis of negotiations going forward.

The next step is planning: what are the goals of the business negotiations? What terms are to be settled? What is each side willing to give up in order to gain something else? These are all vital issues to be considered in the negotiating process.

Streamline the Negotiations Process

You and your company staff can learn more effective business negotiation skills through negotiating training from qualified providers. These professionals will design a negotiation course specifically tailored to the needs of your company that offer learners the opportunity for hands-on, "real-world" practice as well as valuable theory of business negotiations.

When considering negotiating training, it's important to begin by taking stock of where you and the company are currently. What are the long term goals, the short term objectives, what are your company's strengths and weaknesses? With whom will you be negotiating and over what? In what kind of setting will the negotiating process take place?

Few understand the nuances of the negotiating process that involve things as subtle as physical positions, seating locations and even the decor of the room. These are kinds of issues that can be covered in a negotiation course. There are few natural-born diplomats in the world; negotiations are an art, but also a science and a skill that must be practiced like any skill. Effective training means a smoother negotiating process for all involved.

The Negotiation Process
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A course in negotiation training by expert Jonathon Blocker helps to improve your business negotiation skills and provides insightful and expert knowledge of negotiations.

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Negotiation - Understanding Your Sources Of Power

One of the main differences between negotiators is how confident they feel when
negotiating. Typically, the more confident we feel, and the better we are prepared,
the more successful will be the outcome of our negotiations.

Personal power comes from many sources. To build up and increase our confidence
as negotiators we need to step back and analyse the sources of our personal power
and compare them with those of the people with whom we are negotiating.

Power is not absolute. In most negotiating relationships the power balance moves
with time as the negotiation progresses.

Negotiation - Understanding Your Sources Of Power

Here are just a few examples of sources of power:

Information Power:

Information power comes from having knowledge that will influence the outcome of
the negotiation. Planning and research can increase our information power, as can
asking the right questions before we reach the bargaining phase of the negotiation.

Reward Power:

Reward power comes from having the ability to reward the other party in the
negotiation. It could be the power a buyer has to place an order for goods and
services or the power a salesperson has to give good service and solve problems

Coercive Power:

Coercive power is the power to punish. This is seen most commonly in the buyer-
seller relationship, but can be a feature of other types of negotiation.

Situation Power:

Situation power is the power that comes from being in the right place at the right
time. A customer is desperate to place an order and you are the only source of
supply in the short term. Having an effective network and keeping in touch with
what is happening can increase your situation power.

Expertise Power:

Expertise power comes from having a particular skill which you can apply and which
can influence the outcome of the negotiation. Improving negotiation skills helps you
win better deals. Other areas of expertise could also help the outcome of the
negotiation.

And Finally - Referent Power:

Referent power comes from being consistent over time. If people see you as having a clear, consistent strategy as a negotiator, you will increase your referent power.
Having standards that you stick to and being consistent will help to increase your
referent power. In the eighties, Margaret Thatcher wasn't universally popular, but
was respected by many for being consistent in her views and behaviour. In the end
she failed because her approach was too rigid and she was unable to adapt to
changing circumstances.

Copyright © 2007 Jonathan Farrington. All rights reserved

Negotiation - Understanding Your Sources Of Power
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Jonathan Farrington is the Managing Partner of The jfa Group. To find out more about the author, subscribe to his newsletter for dedicated business professionals or to read his weekly blog, visit: http://www.jonathanfarrington.com

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Cultural Differences Between East and West in the Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations

Culture mainly includes four aspects which greatly influence the cross-cultural business negotiation, they are: language and non-language behaviors, customs, way of thinking and values.

First of all is the difference in language and non-language behaviors. Chinese people are particular about etiquette since the ancient times. Take Chinese and Americans for example, when hearing about others' praise, Chinese people usually use self-depreciatory expression to show their modest. Chinese people are sure to use appellations in conversations. Americans stress equality. The younger generation can call the elder or boss directly by his or her name. To others' praise, Americans will be grateful and accept it. There is also a big difference in non-language behaviors. For example, the behavior of gazing at someone, Chinese people use it to show curiosity or surprise while Americans think it is impolite.

Second is the difference in the customs. Customs mainly include some social activities. Chinese people care much of their face in daily life and work, they care much about their images in other people' eyes and are afraid of being laughed at, discussed and misunderstood. Americans are much more practical, they don't care much about what others think about them, they don't ask about others' age, earnings, marriage which they think is invading others' privacy when they are associating with others. Americans like to express their idea directly while Chinese people choose a more tactful way and so on.

Cultural Differences Between East and West in the Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations

The third difference is in the way of thinking. The difference was embodied in the opposite of the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture lays particular emphasis on overall thinking which is to observe and think about things on the earth in an overall view, to analyze problems from the whole part, to attach importance on the overall function, complicated relationship and operating process of things, not the internal structure of things. Americans lay particular emphasis on individual thinking which split a complex thing into simple essential factors, then study one by one.

Forth, they work differently in values. The differences in values between east and west lie in the opposite of collectivism and individualism. The core of Chinese people' value is collectivism which thinks that harmonious relationship between people is the foundation of the society. So, Chinese people constantly hold the view of peacefulness is prized and pay special attention to some specially designated group's interests or value. The core of western culture values is individualism, which is the philosophy of individual is most important. The main content of individualism is to believe in the value of individuals, pay much importance to self-freedom and emphasize individual self-control and self-development.

Cultural Differences Between East and West in the Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations
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Just Because A Man-Woman Says They Need Space Doesn't Always Mean The Relationship Is Over

One day you meet this really fantastic person. There is strong chemistry there and so you think this is it. You immediately put yourself out there and instantly go "overboard" doing too many things to show the object of your interest and attention that you are very much in love. And when you thought it couldn't get any better, he/she says those dreaded words, "I need some space." You lose control of your thoughts and emotionally collapse and lash out. This eventually leads to an ending that is deeply disappointing.

Many men and women miss out on relationships with great potential simply because they assume "I need some space" always means the relationship is over.

"I need some space" is especially very confusing for men and women who grew up in an environment which was unstable. They easily get bothered by sudden changes and the "not knowing" what's going to happen next overwhelms, frustrates and depresses them.

Just Because A Man-Woman Says They Need Space Doesn't Always Mean The Relationship Is Over

The real tragedy here is that when you overwhelm a man or woman with your desperation, neediness and anger, you force him/her to actually think about ending the relationship. Your strong drive and determination to get attention and love is likely to get you into difficult situations because you want things going faster -- your pace, your call. What you get is men and women literally running for their lives, "It's best if we had no contact", or "Just leave me alone," or "You are too much for me".

This is why it's crucial that you understand that "I need some space" doesn't always mean I am no longer attracted to you or the relationship is over. Sometimes when a person says "I need some space" all they are saying to you is that, at this time, the value of what you are offering does not justify me taking a risk or investing more than I already have. Many men and women hesitate because they fear that they might be making the wrong decision and will regret it later.

If he/she asks for his/her "own space" don't automatically assume this is a pre-breakup situation.

1. Give him/her the "space" he he/she needs. This is his/her opportunity to come face to face with his/her feelings for you, don't get in his/her way. This may even be a chance for both of you to reassess what you have and work on what you might have in the future.

2. Ask him/her what possible compromises he/she is willing to make (may be meet once a week, weekends only, every other week? etc.) then give him/her the space he/she needs. If he/she refuses to compromise, then you know for certain that they're looking for ways to end the relationship. A person's body language will tell you more about their particular state of mind.

3. If he/she is willing to make some compromises don't force him or her to pay more attention to you than he/she is willing to. Repeated attempts to get back a man or woman who is "scared" for his/her life is completely useless. Only a significant space of time and a new type of approach will have any effect on someone whose guard is already up and whose sensitivity is razor-sharp.

4. It is important that you understand that giving him/her space does not mean you don't have anything to do with him/her. On the contrary, maintain your contact with him/her, but make the "contact moments" work to your advantage.

The most effective way to do this is employ a little playful resistance or what we commonly know as playing hard-to-get. Keep in mind that not all playing hard-to-get rules and actions are designed to make someone fall in love with you. Many of the popularly promoted playing hard-to-get "techniques" out there actually drive someone away instead of make them want you more.

The best kind of playing hard-to-get is one that creates more love than resistance. Using a little bit of playful resistance, you can create a "FRIENDLY SPACE" for fair negotiation, easily eliminate a man or woman's reservations about the relationship and concerns about making a long-term commitment and motivate him/her to take the action of risk and to want to invest more in you and the relationship.

When you understand this very engaging and bonding game, you can turn the "I need some space" into a "Let's try it again" or even "This is what I want!" Simply saying it to them is not enough, they need to SEE by your actions that you really understand what they want in a relationship.

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Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase

Do you have the feeling that your employer is continually taking advantage of you? It maybe the right time to plan for a salary negotiation if you feel that you're constantly contributing good value to your company and not getting the pay that you deserve. Effective negotiation helps to resolve situation like this and find solutions that are acceptable to both parties.

Most people are very uncomfortable discussing on the topic of salary increase. This kind of feeling is very common as we are all having fear of being rejected or worry to upset someone during the negotiation. To demand for the right salary that you deserve, you'll need to learn some negotiation fundamentals.

Asking for a salary increase has to begin with a strategic plan, and preparation is the key to be successful in any form of negotiation. You can get a pay increase even if your company is under salary freeze. Here are some effective salary negotiation tips and tactics you can use to fight your case without fear.

Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase

1) Assess the situation and know what to target for Before asking for a salary increase, you need to explore your company's policy on salary. Check out if there is any established range for your position. Find out if there are other people in your organization doing similar work, and how much they are being paid. If there is no constraint from the pay policy and you're indispensable, you should feel optimistic and confident with the salary negotiation.

You can bench mark "job search" web sites on the internet to determine how much other companies in the same industry are willing to pay for a comparable position. Different organization may use different job title for the same work. Therefore making comparison of the job scope maybe needed. Understanding the current market value for your position will determine how much you're worth. This allows you to set a figure in mind to shoot for during the salary negotiation session.

2) Be confident with the negotiation If you are a key person in your organization making good contribution, you are armed with bullets, and you can ask for more during the negotiation. Don't worry of losing the job. At the end of the negotiation session, you'll either get a salary increase or you'll figure out you're not in the right organization that can meet your salary expectation. You may want to start to explore other job opportunities.

3) What else besides monetary rewards you should negotiate The remuneration package needs to be evaluated as an overall deal. Don't leave out rewards such as share options, leave passage, pension plans, bonuses, subsidies, etc. The negotiation can be for a raise of any of these rewards. Other non monetary rewards you can demand are the medical coverage, insurance coverage, annual leave, flexible working hours and company car.

4) Draft a letter to request for a meeting on salary increase Never discuss you salary matter with the boss in an ad hoc manner such as after a meeting. If you want to get good result, write a formal letter to your boss by declaring your purpose and arrange suitable time for a discussion. If you're having difficulties to get started, you can seek professional help or refer to the proven pay raise letter examples for ideas on the appropriate format and contents.

5) Prepare a package to sell your contribution You need to package and sell your special skills, accomplishments and contributions for your job objectives, and not to forget to emphasize your special achievements.

6) Build good credibility and demonstrate your value The discussion will be very much smoother if you have built good credibility with the company. Holding the meeting at the right time, for example after delivering some good value to the company, will lower the resistance in getting approval for a salary increase. Attend the meeting with confidence and discuss the case as professional as possible. Personal needs such as "I require more money because of my eldest kid is going to college next year" should not be used as a reason to support the pay raise.

7) Ask smart questions and let the employer do the talking Ask intelligent open-ended questions and lure the employer to do the talking. Be a good listener and let the employer bring about giving you what you want. The employer always thinks that their decision is the best, and they strongly believe in it. Don't challenge their viewpoint, but make them convince your worth and get them to approve your raise.

8) Start negotiation by setting an aggressive goal One of the tactics often use in salary negotiation is to "demand for higher and compromise for lesser." Get the employer to make the first offer to you before you tell them your target. They may offer more than what you expect by surprise. If you've done your homework well on the pay range, you can set your target slightly higher then the upper range. Explain and justify why you're an outstanding employee.

9) Be prepared to move on for a better job If you can demonstrate to the employer that you are prepared to walk away should the negotiation fails, you have created tremendous power and pressure to make the employer compromises. Never show the employer that you are desperate for the job.

Conclusion The objective of a salary negotiation is to find solutions that are win-win for both parties. To ensure the negotiation is successful, you need to prepare all necessary information, learn negotiation tactics for effective bargaining and set up a face-to-face session to discuss the case professional. If you can show the employer that you are willing to move away, you will have more leverage on your bargaining. If you're not easily replaceable in your organization, you should feel confident with the negotiation. If you wish to learn more on salary negotiation tips and tactics, visit our website for more info on all aspects of career resources.

Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase
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Six Steps For Negotiation Preparation

The most commonly overlooked aspect of negotiation is preparation. We say things like, "We're just in the negotiation stage of the deal ..." There is no more profitable expenditure of time than the time spent preparing to negotiate. Here's your checklist:

Know what you want and don't want ... Most of us have a general idea of what we want or want to avoid in a deal. Unfortunately, general objectives tend to render general results ... leading to second guessing and dissatisfaction. Instead, write a paragraph describing in detail what you want and don't want from the transaction, then, edit this description furiously until it is laser focused and precise. When we are crystal clear on our objective(s) and rationale(s) for their acquisition, we are most likely to achieve desired results. Know what your counterpart wants and doesn't want ... Now do the same for your counterpart. Write the description of what your opposite is looking for and seeking to avoid. This exercise tends to be a real stumper ... and eventually a real eye-opener. Knowing our counterpart's goals, objectives, and sought after results helps us see commonalities that lead to creative solutions.Know what concessions you are willing to give ... What must you absolutely achieve to consummate a successful bargain? What terms, conditions, extras could you live without? Every great negotiator knows there must be give and take on both sides for agreements that make sense.Know your alternatives ... Remember when you bought your first car? Mine was a 1956 T-Bird. The ,guy I bought mine from told me, "I like you and want to sell you the car ... but there's another person coming over in 30 minutes who also wants the car." Wow, did the dynamics of the negotiation shift on the spot. Having an alternative vendor or supplier really helps your level of confidence.Know your counterpart and your subject matter ... A lot of information is available to us on personality styles, body language, and neuro-linguistic programming. Remember transactions take place between people ... and people view the same facts and appeals differently. Subject matter is simple ... Know it cold-there is no excuse for being ill informed ... and lost credibility is rarely recovered.Rehearse You know how to get to Carnegie Hall! It's the same road to negotiation success - Practice - Practice -Practice! Attend swap meets and flea markets ... They are wonderful opportunities to sharpen your skills. Remember use it or lose it! Most negotiators rarely, if ever, thoroughly prepare to negotiate. But this is the magic! Try this checklist before you negotiate ... Your returns will improve dramatically.

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Six Steps For Negotiation Preparation

Six Steps For Negotiation Preparation
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As a California Criminal Trial Lawyer with 28 years of courtroom experience, JOHN PATRICK DOLAN has handled everything from traffic tickets to death penalty murder cases. Dolan is a recognized California State Bar Certified Specialist in Criminal Law and a true courtroom veteran. He is AV (highest) Martindale-Hubbell rated.

As an author, JOHN PATRICK DOLAN has written twelve, best-selling books, including his classic Negotiate like the Pros™. He is a recognized international authority on negotiation and conflict resolution. And, just to show that he does not take himself too seriously, he is also the co-author of the wildly popular Lawyer's Joke Book™.

A communications veteran, John Patrick Dolan is a radio broadcaster and television legal news analyst appearing frequently on Fox News Channel, MSNBC, and Court TV. He has also been honored by the National Speakers Association as a member of the Professional Speakers Hall of Fame.

In addition to his professional legal experience, John Patrick Dolan serves as CEO of LawTalk™ MCLE, Inc., a continuing legal education company.

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